将下列英语译成中文（只可使用词典)： Programming Languages Ten years ago the proliferation of program

将下列英语译成中文(只可使用词典)：

Programming Languages

Ten years ago the proliferation of programming languages caused many people to foresee the development of a computer-age Babel where, in total ignorance of every other language, each programmer would learn only his own chosen language. That unhappy situation has not occurred for several reasons. First, effective efforts have been made to standardize particular languages such as Fortran and Cobol. It should be pointed out that pragmatic rather than scientific considerations motivated this standardization movement. However, the second reason that Babel has been averted is that computer scientists have begun to apply the scientific method to organize the classification, comparison, and appreciation ofvarious programming languages.

Due to the efforts of McCarthy (1962), Landin (1964), Strachey (1966), Wegner (1968), and others who provided insight into operational models of computation, we can now evaluate programming languages in terms of an unifying view of computation structures. Semantics and the expressive power resulting from modularity can now be studied in terms of the data structures and the accessing paths to them established during the execution of the control statements of the language.

Integrated Software

Convenience and saved time, work, and effort are the promises ofintegrated software. The antithesis of stand-alone packages, integrated software delivers a collection of applications based upon a common user interface and sharable data.

In its most common form, the integrated product includes a word processor,a spreadsheet, and some form of database. Many packages add telecommunications, presentation graphics, and outline modules. Comprehensive products throw in desktop accessories such as calculators, calendars, DOS shells, and other utilities.

Even when stand-alone products are from the same vendor, it can be frustrating trying to move information between applications or simply trying to remember which key to press to call up the menu, That is why integrated packages appeal to many users, particularly novices. Using an integrated product saves you the headache of trying to move data in a Brand X word processor to a Brand Y spreadsheet. And because the integrated package is a single product from a single vendor, training, support, and upgrades also are made simpler. [试题解析]