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A.marketsum
B.marketshare
C.marketpiece
D.marketpart
答案
更多“However, foreign cigarettes legally imported into China have taken only a 3 per cent”相关的问题
第1题
A.complaints
B.complain
C.complex
D.compel
第2题
Have you ever noticed advertisements which say "Learn a foreign language in six weeks, or your money back! From the first day your pronunciation will be excellent. Just send. . . " and so on？ Of course, it never happens quite like that. The only language that is easy to learn is the mother tongue. Think how much practice that gets!Before the Second World War people usually learnt a foreign language in order to read the literature of the country. Now speaking the foreign language is what most people want. Every year many millions of people start learning one.
Some people try at home, with books and records or tapes; some use radio or television programmes; others go to evening classes. If they use the language only twice or three times a week, learning it will take a long time. A few people try to learn a language fast by studying for six or more hours a day. It is clearly easier to learn the language in the country where it is spoken. However, most people cannot afford this, and for many it is not necessary. They need the language in order to do their work better. For example, scientists and doctors chiefly need to be able to read books and reports in the foreign language. Whether the language is learnt quickly or slowly, it is hard work. Machines and good books will help, but they cannot do the student's work for him.
31. The advertisements say it would be easy to_________.
A. speak your native language better
B. keep in mind any foreign language
C. learn a foreign language within several weeks
D. learn by heart a foreign language
32. Nowadays most people want to learn_________.
A. about the country where a language is spoken
B. to speak a foreign language
C. to read essays in the foreign language
D. to write in the foreign language
33. Before the 2nd World War people usually learnt a foreign language in order to_________.
A. communicate with their foreign friends
B. read the foreign newspaper
C. read the literacy works of the country
D. talk with their foreign friends
34. If you only use the language twice or three times a week ,_________.
A. it is impossible to learn it well
B. it will take a long time to learn the foreign language
C. you will never learn the language well
D. perhaps you will learn harsh language
35._________is very important whether a foreign language is learnt quickly or slowly.
A. Talent
B. Intelligence
C. Ability
D. Hard work
第3题
Like most wars,a trade war may bring about desired economic or political changes, but in the long run almost everyone suffers ,including those whom the trade war was meant to help.
An efficient carmaker, for example, may ask for limits of foreign imports, hoping to keep its price high without improving the quality of its products. In the end , however , other countries may retaliate with trade restrictions of their own. Consumers and businesses in both countries are then forced to buy poorly made and expensive domestic products. Trade restrictions might protect a few jobs in inefficient industries,but the whole economy often suffers by becoming less competitive in the international markets.
The most common tools for limiting imports of foreign goods and services are quotas, tariffs,and subsidies. When a country imposes a quota, it limits the quantity of certain foreign products that can be imported. A tariff is a tax placed on goods entering a country , raising the price of imported goods. A government can also use the taxpayers' money to provide a subsidy to local producers , making the price of local goods artificially lower than imported goods.
Trade barriers, like walls between feuding neighbors, are usually imposed unilaterally by one country acting on its own to limit the amount of foreign products available to local producer from foreign competition and allow them time to improve their products or lower their prices as long as they are protected from foreign competition by trade barriers.
Although trade restrictions are of dubious economic value, they have been shown to be effective in bringing about political or social change. The refusal of countries to trade and do business with South Africa, for example, was widely seen to be responsible for the decision to dismantle the system of apartheid. Trade blockades can be useful in forcing countries to change policies that violate human rights or international treaties, but as long as a sufficient number of countries join in the blockade to make it effective.
Questions for reading :
第4题
Like most wars,a trade war may bring about desired economic or political changes, but in the long run almost everyone suffers ,including those whom the trade war was meant to help.
An efficient carmaker, for example, may ask for limits of foreign imports, hoping to keep its price high without improving the quality of its products. In the end , however , other countries mayretaliate[2] with trade restrictions of their own. Consumers and businesses in both countries are then forced to buy poorly made and expensive domestic products. Trade restrictions might protect a few jobs in inefficient industries,but the whole economy often suffers by becoming less competitive in the international markets.
The most common tools for limiting imports of foreign goods and services are quotas, tariffs,and subsidies. When a country imposes a quota, it limits the quantity of certain foreign products that can be imported. A tariff is a tax placed on goods entering a country , raising the price of imported goods. A government can also use the taxpayers' money to provide a subsidy to local producers , making the price of local goods artificially lower than imported goods.
Trade barriers, like walls betweenfeuding neighbors[3], are usually imposedunilaterally[4] by one country acting on its own to limit the amount of foreign products available to local producer from foreign competition and allow them time to improve their products or lower their prices as long as they are protected from foreign competition by trade barriers.
Although trade restrictions are of dubious economic value, they have been shown to be effective in bringing about political or social change. The refusal of countries to trade and do business with South Africa, for example, was widely seen to be responsible for the decision todismantle the system of apartheid[5].Trade blockades[6] can be useful in forcing countries to change policies that violate human rights or international treaties, but as long as a sufficient number of countries join in the blockade to make it effective.
[1]限额、关税和补贴
[2]报复
[3]有世仇的邻居
[4]单方面地
[5]消除种族隔离制度
[6]贸易封锁
Questions for reading :
第5题
＜wt＞
[Quotas , tariffs and subsidies＜/div＞]
Like most wars,a trade war may bring about desired economic or political changes, but in the long run almost everyone suffers ,including those whom the trade war was meant to help.
An efficient carmaker, for example, may ask for limits of foreign imports, hoping to keep its price high without improving the quality of its products. In the end , however , other countries may retaliate with trade restrictions of their own. Consumers and businesses in both countries are then forced to buy poorly made and expensive domestic products. Trade restrictions might protect a few jobs in inefficient industries,but the whole economy often suffers by becoming less competitive in the international markets.
The most common tools for limiting imports of foreign goods and services are quotas, tariffs,and subsidies. When a country imposes a quota, it limits the quantity of certain foreign products that can be imported. A tariff is a tax placed on goods entering a country , raising the price of imported goods. A government can also use the taxpayers' money to provide a subsidy to local producers , making the price of local goods artificially lower than imported goods.
Trade barriers, like walls between feuding neighbors, are usually imposed unilaterally by one country acting on its own to limit the amount of foreign products available to local producer from foreign competition and allow them time to improve their products or lower their prices as long as they are protected from foreign competition by trade barriers.
Although trade restrictions are of dubious economic value, they have been shown to be effective in bringing about political or social change. The refusal of countries to trade and do business with South Africa, for example, was widely seen to be responsible for the decision to dismantle the system of apartheid. Trade blockades can be useful in forcing countries to change policies that violate human rights or international treaties, but as long as a sufficient number of countries join in the blockade to make it effective.
Questions for reading :
＜w＞(1) Why do traders ask for limits of foreign imports？
＜w＞(2) What may trade restrictions lead to？
＜w＞(3) What are the most common tools for limiting imports of foreign goods and services？
＜w＞(4) Can the trade protection make local producers improve their products or lower their prices of their goods？
＜w＞(5) How can trade blockades be useful in forcing countries to change policies that violate human rights or international treaties？
＜da＞
＜a＞(1) They hope to keep its price high without improving the quality of its products.
＜a＞(2) Other countries may retaliate with trade restrictions of their own. Consumers and businesses in both countries are then forced to buy poorly made and expensive domestic products.
＜a＞(3) Quotas, tariffs, and subsidies.
＜a＞(4) Yes, it can.
＜a＞(5) A sufficient number of countries join in the blockade to make it effective.
第6题
An intemational trade deal can involve up to four contracts and the importer must have a broad understanding of each of them. The four contracts are the contract of carriage , the export sales contract , the insurance contract and the contract of finance. There are three main areas of uncertainty as to which country's law will be applicable to their contracts; the difficulty emerging from inadequate and unreliable information; and the serious problem of the diversity of interpretation of th e various trade terms. The latter point can involve costly litigation and loss of much goodwill when a dispute over the interpretation of such terms arises.
The role of Incoterms 1990 is to give the business person a set of international rules for the interpretation of the more commonly used terms such as FOB, CIF and EXW in foreign trade contracts. Such a range of terms enables the businessperson to decide which is the most suitable for their needs , knowing that the interpretation of terms will not vary by individual country.
It must be recognized, however, that it is not always possible to give a precise interpretation. In such situations one musL rely on the custom of the trade or port. Businesspersons are advised to use terms that are subject to varying interpretations as little as possible and to rely on the well-established and intemationally accepted terms. To avoid any-misunderstandings or disputes, the parties to the contract are well advised to keep trading customs of individual countries in mind when negotiating their export sales contract. However,parties to the contract may use Incoterms as the general basis of their contract , but may specify variations of them or additions to them relevant to the particular trade or circumstances. An example is the CIF plus war risk insurance. The seller would base his quotation accordingly. Special provisions in the individual contract between the parties willoverride[1] anything in the Incoterm provisions.
A point to bear especially in mind is the need for caution in the variation, for example, of CFR,CIF or DDP. The addition of a word or letter could change the contract and its interpretation. It is essential that any such variation be explicitly stated in the contract to ensure each party to the contract to be aware of its obligations and act accordingly.
The buyer and seller parties Lo the contract must especially bear in mind that Incoterms only defines their relationship in contract terms, andhas no bearin directly or indirectly on[2] the carriers' obligations to them as found in the contract of carriage. However,the law of carriage will determine how the seller should fulfil his obligation to deliver the goods to the carrier on board the vessel as found in FOB, CFR and CIF. A further point to bear in mind by the seller and buyer is that there is no obligation for the seller to procure an msurance policy for the buyer's benefit. However, in practice, many contracts request the buyer or seller to arrange insurance from the point of departure in the country of dispatch to the point of final destination chosen by the buyer.
Incoterms 1990 can be divided into recommended usage by modes of transport as under all modes (i. e. combined transport) , EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAF, DDP, DDU; conventional port/sea transport only FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, DES, DEQ. Incoterms 1990 reflects the changes and development of international distribution during the past decade, especially the development of combined transportation and associated documentation together with electronic data interchange.
[1]比……重要
[2]与……没有直接或间接关系
Questions for reading :
第7题
Read the following passage and choose the best sentence (A-G) to fill each of the gaps.
It's impossible to miss the fact that stocks , real estate and bonds all make for decent investments. But there are so many different investment options , most of which get minimal
marketing. (8)_______
1. American Depository Receipt (ADR)
ADRs are traded on U. S. stock markets just like regular stocks , but they actually represent shares in foreign corporations. An ADR is issued by a U. S. -based bank or brokerage , which buys a large number of shares from a company based outside the U. S.(9) ______ ADRs are a relatively simple way to invest in foreign companies and avoid the administrative and duty costs of international transactions.
2. Annuity
Annuities provide set payments at regular intervals to their owners. (10)______ Deferred annuities are often contracted for life - they're set up so that as long as you live ,the insurance company will send you a check at a regular interval. Annuities are also either fixed (the payments are set) or variable (there is a guaranteed minimum payment , as well as payments based on the performance of an annuity investment portfolio).
3. Closed-End Investment Fund
A closed-end fund issues shares that are traded just like stocks but are actually closer to mutual funds in the way they are managed. Closed-end funds hold portfolios of securities - usually securities that meet very specific criteria. (11)______ Some closed-end funds offer dividends.
4. Collectibles
Collectibles can be pretty much any physical asset with a value that increases over time. While most people consider fine art , stamps and similar purchases to be collectibles , there is no strict definition that includes or excludes a particular asset. (12)______ However, a collectible's appreciating value often outpaces inflation.
5. Common Stock
Common stock is a share of ownership in a particular company. (13)______ The majority of stocks traded today are common stocks. While the benefits associated with owning stock can be great , it is a relatively risky investment. (14)______
Now choose the best sentence (A-G) to fill each of the gaps.
A. Those shares are bundled into groups and then resold.
B. These funds are actively managed and may hold a few investments in stocks or bonds in order to diversify.
C. If a company that you own stock in goes bankrupt , as a common shareholder, you won' t receive money until the creditors , bondholders and preferred shareholders have all been paid off.
D. An annuity can either be immediate or deferred: with a deferred annuity , you will not begin receiving payments for a certain period of time.
E. It entitles you to a portion of the company' s profits as well as voting rights.
F. Those listed below are investments that any investor should be familiar with.
G. The greatest drawback to collectibles is the fact that collectibles offer no income.
第8题
All the following statements are true except that______.
A．the upper class owns at least a quarter of the country" s wealth
B．the "old rich" enjoy higher prestige than the "new rich"
C．the "old rich" isolate themselves and lead a lonely life
D．the upper-upper class is of aristocratic origin
第10题
When faced with the decision of selecting a mode of transportation, the exporter has five basic types available from which to choose, depending, of course, upon the geographicalproximity[1] of the countries of export and import: ocean, air, rail, truck, and inland water. A sixth alternative is pipeline which transports very specialized products. The choice between available methods of transportation is usually determined by a combination of cost , time , and security.
Ocean transportation is by far the most dominant mode of international transportation , and air transport is the most " glamorous" and fastest growing. The significance of the other basic types of international transportation varies depending upon the countries involved. For example,rail and truck shipments do not constitute a significant portion of the export transactions of the United States, except perhaps for those that involve buyers in Canada. In contrast,these transport modes carry large amounts of export goods among the countries of Europe. Similarly,inland waterways are not important carriers of goods between countries except in Europe where waterways such as the Rhine and Danube rivers carry large amounts of goods among the countries through which they flow. Often the use of these relatively less important modes of transport depends upon the nature of specific products in unique geographic situations. The use of trucks to haul fresh produce from northem Mexico to the United States illustrates this practice.
Ocean transportation is widely used because it is a relatively low-cost way to transport goods, and it can easily handle large shipments. In addition, certain geographic conditions may make it impossible to use overland transportation to some foreign markets andinfeasible[2] to use it to others.
Many diverse types of products are being transported to foreign markets by air in large volume-computers, office machines, electrical and electronic equipment, automobile parts, television sets,pharmceuticals[3], certain metal manufactures, and wearing apparel to name but a few. Thus , even with existing technology, it is evident that air cargo movements are no longer confined to fast shipments of emergency supplies, goods of high value , (for example ,jewel) and perishable products (for example , fresh flowers) , although it is widely used for such products. Not only is time in transit reduced from a minimum of 10 days to a few hours, but also less handling and simpler packing requirements are involved.
Time in transit is but one of the so-called hidden costs that may be relevant. For example,concerning time in transit and the ability to put a f'acility to use sooner (thus avoiding lost sales) ,a West German company bought 230hosiery-knitting machines[4] from a US manufacturer. The machines were shipped by air at a cost of USD 224 per unit which was considerably greater than the ocean rate of USD37. 80 per unit. Delivery time was shortened by 10 days giving the Cerman manuf'acturer the opportunity to produce 207 000 pairs of hosiery, which apparently offset the transportation cost.
Small shipments may be sent by intemational parcel post, air parcel post, or air couner service rather than pay the higher minimum bill of lading charges for ocean freight or air shipment. While larger shipments are charged on the basis of weight or measurement,very small shipments are charged a set flat fee because of the costs involved in documentation and handling.
The method of transportation is usually selected by the importer. The route selected for the export shipment may be determined by either the exporter or the importer. In practice , the importer should indicate the route he or she thinks is most desirable. The final selection of the exact route,however,should generally be left to thediscretion[5] of the exporter, since the exporter is more fully acquainted with conditions surrounding the shipment in the country from which it is sent, and particularly the immediate conditions at time of shipment.
[1]接近
[2]不可行的
[3]医药的
[4]针织品编织机
[5]判断力
Questions for reading :
第11题
Complaints caused by not delivering according to the time and quantity
In the fall of 2006 ,one of our trading companies concluded a substantial rice business with an old customer in Africa. The terms of delivery are : shipment is to be made in equal monthly lots beginning from December,2006 to June,2007 and payment is to be made by irrevocable letter of credit 60 days after the date of the bill of lading. The customer established the L/C in time and all particulars of the rice, such as the name , specifications , unit price,total price and total quantity are in conformity with the contract. But the terms of shipment only stated " the latest date of shipment is June 30 ,to be shipped in several lots".
The staff in our trading company made the first shipment in December according to the quantity stated in the contract. However in order to export more and eam more foreign exchange earlier, they advanced the time of shipment regardless the shipment terms stipulated in the contract. In January 2007 , our company shipped the quantity of the first quarter once , and in February made the third shipment for the rest quantity that should be delivered in the second quarter, since our staff had not found any specifications "shipment is to be made in equal lots" in the L/C. At the same time our bank negotiated against presentation of the stipulated documents and subsequently asked the opening bank to pay for the goods. The opening bank examined the L/C and confirmed that the L/C had no error in it.
After receiving the shipping advice, the African customer found that the delivered quantity of the rice both in the second lot and third lot were not in accordance with the shipment terms stipulated in the contract, so a claim was filed by the customer against our trading company for default shipment. The amount claimed involved the added fees of chartering warehouse for the delivered goods, the interest and other charges etc. The two parties negotiated the compensation for several times, finally our company accepted the opposing party's opinion and agreed that the purchase price for the last two lots was to be paid four months later, that meant our company would receive the payment a few months later than che original stated time. According to Lhe current price in the international market at that time, our trading company suffered the loss equivalent to 10 percent of the original selling price.
Questions :
(1) What is the relationship between the letter of credit and the transaction contract？
(2) Which proof must the two parties concerned base on when they perform their obligations？
(Translate the case into Chinese and then answer the question)
Helpful hint: It is stipulated in Article 4 of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits that "in credit operations all parties concerned deal in documents and not in goods , service and/or other performance to which the documents may relate" .
